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Łazienki Park ((ポーランド語:Park Łazienkowski) or ''Łazienki Królewskie'', literally "Baths Park" or "Royal Baths"; often rendered "Royal Baths Park") is the largest park in Warsaw, Poland, occupying 76 hectares of the city center. The park-and-palace complex lies in Warsaw's central district (''Śródmieście''), on Ujazdów Avenue (''Aleje Ujazdowskie'') on the "Royal Route" linking the Royal Castle with Wilanów palace to the south. North of Łazienki Park, on the other side of Agrykola Street, stands Ujazdów Castle. ==History== Łazienki Park was designed in the 17th century by Tylman van Gameren, in the baroque style, for Stanisław Herakliusz Lubomirski. It took the name Łazienki ("Baths") from a bathing pavilion that was located there. This picturesque and charming garden scheme owes its emergence as its present shape and appearance mainly to the last ruler of the Royal Republic of Two Nations, King Stanisław August Poniatowski. But the history of this place is much older. It began with Jazdów, the medieval fortified settlement of the Dukes of Masovia, which was perched atop an escarpment overlooking the vistula. In the mid-16th century, it became part of the estates of Poland’s Italian- born Queen Bona Sforza, who built a wooden manor house with an Italian garden on this site. Later, the wooden manor house of Anna Jagiellonka stood on this spot, immortalized in 1578 by the performance of the first Polish play, “Dismissal of the Greek Envoys” by Jan Kochanowski. To the south, King Zygmunt III Vasa had a four- sided stone castle with corner towers erected in 1624. In the second half of the 17th century, Ujazdów became the property of Grand Crown Marshal Stanisław Herakliusz Lubomirski. He was the first to call attention to the thickly wooded area of a former animal park stretching along the foot of Ujazdów Castle and he built two garden pavilions there. One was a hermitage. The other, situated on an islet, originally contained an ornate bath chamber which first gave its name to the building and eventually to the entire gardens. (In Polish, Łazienki means “baths”). The original baths designed by the outstanding architect Tylman of Gameren in Baroque style, are contained to this day within the walls of the Palace on the Islet. In the first half of the 18th century, Ujazdów was leased to King August II the Strong, during whose reign a regular waterway known as he Piaseczno Canal was built. In 1764, Ujazdów became the property of King Stanisław August Poniatowski. The monarch first set about rebuilding Ujazdów Casle which he chose as his summer residence. Work was begun in the castle’s forefield, where a series of straight paths converging at circles was laid out. Work to tidy up the former animal park also got under way. The remodeling of old Ujazdów Castle, which received an additional storey and new wings, dragged on without producing the expected results. The king became discouraged, abandoned further work and shifted his attention to the surrounding gardens. Modified and reconstructed in several stages over two decades beginning in 1772, the former Lubomirski Bath-House was eventually transformed into elegant classicist Palace on the Islet. Many new structures were erected throughout the gardens which had been cultivated by numerous artiststs to mention only the architects Dominik Merlini and Jan Chrystian Kamsetzer, painters Jan Bogumił Plersch and Marcello Bacciarelli and sculptors Andrzej Le Brun, Jakub Monaldi and Franciszek Pinek. In 1774, a White House was erected. This was a modern villa in the form of a simple hexagon with comfortably appointed interiors. According to legend, the king’s great love Elżbieta Grabowska as well as his sisters resided therein. From 1775 to 1783 the Myśliwiecki Palace was built opposite the Bath-House. Originally it took the form of a cube built on a square, to which eventually wings were built on and subsequently elevated. During the 1770s the hermitage, which had been damaged by lightening, was resored and one of the king’s companions, Teresa Lhullier, took up residence therein. Gradually, the gardens also changed their appearance. In 1778, a Royal Promenade was laid out – a lane joining the White House to the Bath-House. At the point where it crossed the Wilanów Road, a one-storey Chinese-style summer house (subsequently dismantled in the 19th century) was built. The old canals and pool near the Bath House were transformed into diversely shaped ponds of considerable size. In addition to gardens geometrically laid out in the French manner, the park also contained scenic areas inspired by the romantic English garden. Near the Royal Promenade a pavilion meant for then popular game Trou Madame was erected. A short while later, it was converted into a theatre known as the Little Theatre. Directly opposite, on the southern shore of he pond, an earthen amphitheatre with a stage in a cluster of trees was created. Meant to accommodate larger audiences, the amphitheatre was subsequently encased in stone and took on a more architectural, less rustic form. The view from the Bath House to the south was closed off with a water cascade and to the north – with a stone bridge upon which a monument to King Jan III Sobieski was erected. The road to the palace at the northern pond was guarded over by the Old Guardhouse. Nearby, a Grand Annexe of considerable size was built. It contained the extensive premises of the royal kitchen as well as lodgings for officials and servants quarters. Beneath the escarpment on the opposite side of the garden a Great Orangery was built, whose wing conained yet another theatre. Above it, on the escarpment terrace, a fruit and vegetable garden was laid out and a greenhouse known as the Trebhaus was built. Moreover, the garden was embellished with numerous bridges, bowers and statuary, and decorative waterworks were erected. One of them, a rotunda-like structure (near the Great Orangery) supplied the water for the fountain on the terrace in front of the palace. By then, the royal complex also included the baroque Belvedere Palace situated at the southern edge of the escarpment. In one of the wings, the king set up a faience manufactory whose products were known as Belvedere vessels. Whenever Stanisław August was at Łazienki, he was followed by his entire court and closest family members. Decorative tents were set up in the garden to accommodate mainly all the servants and guards. At such times, the park was filled with strolling couples, people in carriages and small boats. Colourful and raucous spectacles including firework displays and other illuminations were staged in the gardens and often attended by Warsaw townspeople. Such was the case when a magnificent carousel was set into motion to mark the unveiling of the King Jan Sobieski monument in 1788. The palace itself was the scene of the famous “Thursday dinners”, to which the king would invite scholars, writers and poets. Łazienki at that time was an important cultural centre that flourished thanks to the support of Stanisław August, a patron of the fine arts and propagator of science and learning. As a palace and garden complex, Łazienki reflected the classicist style widespread in Europe during the latter half of the 18th century. But it stood for its picturesque nature and variety, hence that classicism (also found in the interiors of Ujazdów Castle designed by the King) has come to be known as the style of Stanisław August. Following the partitions of Poland, in the 19th century Łazienki fell into the hands of the Russian tsars. In the period from 1819 to 1830, at the request of the new owners architect Jakub Kubicki rebuilt the Belvedere in the late-classicist style and subsequently erected new pavilions – the Egyptian Temple and Temple of Diana- in the gardens. He converted the former Trou- Madame pavilion into a New Guardhouse and school, hence today it is best known as “Podchorążówka” (Cadets’ Hall). The Nazi occupation was a tragic period for Łazienki. In 1939 it was closed to Poles. The historic buildings were taken over by the German military. Towards the end of December 1944, before evacuating the palace, the Nazis drenched its walls with petrol and set them on a fire. In the building’s blackened walls they drilled some one thousand holes to place dynamite in order to blow it up the way they had Warsaw’s Royal Castle. Fortunately, they were unable to carry out their plans. Following the Secong World War, an arduous reconstruction project of the Łazienki royal complex, which was to last nearly two decades, got under way. The first seven ground- floor chambers of the Palace on the Islet was opened to the public in 1960 and in 1965 the entire first floor. The White House, Myśliwiecki Palace and the theatre in the Old Orangery happily avoided the fate that befell the palace. Nevertheless, they required thorough restoration, since they did sustain damage during the war. At present they are completely renovated and open to visitors. Also restored are the Amphitheatre, Waterworks and the Cadets’ Hall which recently became the home of the Jan Agency Paderewski Museum. This historic palace and garden complex, now situated in the city centre, performs various cultural functions and is regularly visited by a great many domestic and foreign excursions as well as Warsovians. Its constant care and maintenance under the watchful eye of conservators is extremely costly. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Łazienki Park」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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